Pathological myopia signs11/11/2023 ![]() ![]() In the United States, the prevalence of myopia was 24% in the population aged 40 years and older ( i.e., 34 million people), but it varied depending on ethnicity. Myopia was the most frequent cause of both low vision and blindness in a population aged 40-49 years ( 5). Cataract was the most frequent cause of both low vision and blindness. In a report from the Beijing Eye Study published in 2006, degenerative myopia was responsible for the second leading (32.7%) cause of low vision and also the second leading (7.7%) cause of blindness. In a report from the Tajimi Study published in 2006, subjects aged 40 years or older were enrolled and high myopia of < −5.0 D was found in 8% of the participants, myopic macular degeneration was the third leading (9.2%) cause of bilateral or monocular low vision and the first leading (22.4%) cause of bilateral or monocular blindness ( 4). In a report from the Rotterdam Study published in 1998, pathologic myopia was the third leading (6%) cause of blindness and also the third leading (6%) cause of low vision in subjects aged 55 years or older ( 3). The cases with myopic retinopathy were followed and significant progression was detected at re-examination after 5 years in 17% with an average deteriorated VA of nearly 2 logMAR lines ( 2). Myopic retinopathy was observed in 1.2% of the population. In this study, myopic retinopathy was defined as a staphyloma, lacquer cracks, Fuchs' spot and myopic chorioretinal atrophy (CRA). ![]() High myopia was defined as < −5.0 D and was observed in 2.7%. In this urban population, aged 49 years or older, myopia was defined as < −1.0 D and was observed in 17% of the total participants. Here are some examples.Ī report from the Blue Mountains Eye Study that was conducted in Australia and published in 2002 investigated the prevalence of myopia and myopic retinopathy ( 2). In this review, current knowledge is summarized on the epidemiology of myopia, classification of myopic maculopathy, myopic choroidal neovascularization, myopic retinoschisis, and macular holes as well as interventions to suppress myopia progression.Įpidemiology studies on myopia have been conducted in multiple locations around the world, and the reported prevalence and its impact on low vision and blindness have varied among the studies. In addition, because pathologic myopia often affects the productive age population, it is considered to be a social and economic burden. Pathologic myopia affects 1-3% of the general population ( 1) and has been one of the major causes of low vision and blindness worldwide. In high myopic eyes, pathologic myopia, also known as "myopic macular degeneration", "myopic maculopathy", or "degenerative myopia" can occur, which can lead to visual acuity (VA) decline. Both genetic and environmental factors are considered to play important roles in its development. Myopia is defined as refractive error by which the image coming into the eye is focused in front of, but not on, the retina. Myopia has been a globally prevalent health issue and the incidence of myopia is expected to increase in the next few decades. In recent years, studies have revealed preventive measures that can be taken against myopia progression, including low-dose atropine eyedrops and contact lens wearing with peripheral myopic defocusing. Studies are being conducted to determine how to avoid the development of a postoperative macular hole and to improve the quality of vision after surgery. For myopic retinoschisis and macular holes with/without retinal detachment, pars plana vitrectomy has been generally accepted as an efficient strategy. From a therapeutic point of view, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy has been established as first-line choice for myopic CNV. ![]() There have been recent advances in the classification system for myopic maculopathy that enables clinicians to describe different types of lesions, including tessellated fundus, diffuse/patchy chorioretinal atrophy, macular atrophy, lacquer cracks, choroidal neovascularization (CNV), and Fuchs' spot, in a standardized format. Its social and economic burden has been demonstrated by epidemiological studies. Pathologic myopia is a major cause of low vision and blindness worldwide. ![]()
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